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Write You - Enabling User Driven Modelling
Research Summary
The intention of this research is to enable non-programmers to create software from a user interface that allows them to model a particular problem or scenario. This involves people entering information visually in the form of a tree diagram. It is necessary to develop ways of automatically translating this information into program code in a variety of computer languages. The research is illustrated with frequent examples, most of these are web based and provide a mechanism for usin
The intention of this research is to enable non-programmers to create software from a user interface that allows them to model a particular problem or scenario. This involves people entering information visually in the form of a tree diagram. It is necessary to develop ways of automatically translating this information into program code in a variety of computer languages. The research is illustrated with frequent examples, most of these are web based and provide a mechanism for usin
According to USFDA, a combination product is one composed of any combination of a drug and device; biological product and device; drug and biological product
g the technologies to solve the problems raised. This includes examples which partially solved the problems but also failed in certain ways to tackle the issues that needed to be solved. The experience from these attempts enabled an attempt to find better solutions as the research continued.
The research is on translating from an abstract model of a problem expressed by a user, to software to solve the problem, and visualise the solution. This is very important and useful for many people who have insuffici
The research is on translating from an abstract model of a problem expressed by a user, to software to solve the problem, and visualise the solution. This is very important and useful for many people who have insuffici
; or drug, device, and biological product and fixed dose combination would include two or more combinations of drug.
Examples of combination products may in
Examples of combination products may in
nt time to learn programming languages. Scaffidi et al (2005) explain how much programming is undertaken by those who are not professional programmers. An open source Prot?g? ontology editor developed from a project of Stanford University was used for a prototype tool to make modelling by end users possible, I have a page on the Prot?g? Community Wiki (2007) to describe this. This makes it possible to research visualisation, and visualisation techniques to create a human computer interface that allows non e
lude drug-coated devices, drugs packaged with delivery devices in medical kits, and drugs and devices packaged separately but intended to be used together.
perts to create software.
This research demonstrates how a taxonomy (software library) can be used as the information source, from which it is possible to automatically produce software. Taxonomies are explained by Sampson (2000), he applies taxonomies to the problem of natural language processing. Natural language processing is investigated by (Bernstein et al, 2006) and (Hudak et al, 2007). This technique is most suitable at present to modelling, visualisation, and searching for information. The research
This research demonstrates how a taxonomy (software library) can be used as the information source, from which it is possible to automatically produce software. Taxonomies are explained by Sampson (2000), he applies taxonomies to the problem of natural language processing. Natural language processing is investigated by (Bernstein et al, 2006) and (Hudak et al, 2007). This technique is most suitable at present to modelling, visualisation, and searching for information. The research
here is enormous increase in the number of combination products entering the market in the recent years. Combination products have proven advantages but fixe
involves the technique of User Driven Model (UDM) Development that could be part of a wider approach of User Driven Programming (UDP). This approach involves the creation of a visual environment for software development, where modelling programs can be created without the requirement of the model developer to learn programming languages. The theory behind this approach is explained, and also the main practical work in creation of this system. The basis of this approach is modelling of the software to be pro
d dose combinations are still in the process of convincing regulatory authority on their advantages over the single ingredient formulations.
Combination pro
Combination pro
uced in ontology management systems such as Jena (Jena, 2007), and Prot?g? (Stanford University, 2007). It also has the potential to be computer language and system independent as one representation could be translated into many computer languages or Meta languages (Dmitriev, 2007).
The development of visual user interfaces has been a major step forward. The use of pictorial metaphors such as folders to represent a collection of files has greatly aided human computer interaction. Pictorial metaphors give
The development of visual user interfaces has been a major step forward. The use of pictorial metaphors such as folders to represent a collection of files has greatly aided human computer interaction. Pictorial metaphors give
ucts have become life saving products for the pharmaceutical companies who doesn’t have many innovative molecules in their product pipeline and have been inc
visual feedback so the user knows what the software system is doing. Crapo et al (2002) explain that visual representations are often processed by people pre-attentively, and immediately, so this gives an advantage over text. This technique can be used more dynamically in simulations. Simulations represent the real world problem and provide constant feedback to the user on how the system is progressing. In this sense, visualisation is a type of simulation as they are perceived in a similar way to the rea
easingly used in the product life cycle management. Even the companies having product patents are trying to extend their product life cycle through the combi
world (Crapo et al, 2002). Pictorial metaphors are static, while a users' mental model is made up of mental images connected together by a set of rules. This is explained by Sasse (1997). The user runs a mental model like a simulation, this is explained by Crapo et al.
Static user interfaces rely on a user to string together images into a mental model which correctly represents what the system is doing. A user may generate a mental model in response to user interface metaphors which is inconsistent with
Static user interfaces rely on a user to string together images into a mental model which correctly represents what the system is doing. A user may generate a mental model in response to user interface metaphors which is inconsistent with
nation products and maximize the revenues. But the companies involved in this practice are overlooking that they are burdening the patients both economically
the system model. Shim et al (2002) explain "the mental models of stakeholders with various perspectives lie at the heart of the decision process, from defining what is a problem, to analysis of the results of trying to solve the problem." Simulation can help to ensure that the designers' model, system model and users' model are all the same. This subject is explored by Crapo et al (2000) and (2002), and is the basis of the visualisation techniques used to enable the user to create and understand models tha
and physically. They need to rightly judge the benefits of the combination products and they have to even look at the risks involved when combining the produ
are subsequently translated into software representations. This is also explained in chapter 1 (Smith, 1993) of Watch What I Do: Programming by Demonstration (Cypher, 1993), this explains how the Pygmalion language attempts to bridge the gap between the programmers' mental model of a subject and what the computer can accept. The author of this system David Smith (Smith, 1977) went on to develop office oriented icons as part of the Xeroxs' Star computer project.
The research applies this User Driven techni
The research applies this User Driven techni
ts. Some of the combination products were well accepted by physicians while others suffered. Companies involved in development of combination products are fi
ue to aerospace engineering but it should be applicable to any subject. The basis of the research is the need to provide better ways for people to specify what they require from computer software using techniques that they understand, instead of needing to take the intermediate steps of either learning a computer language(s) or explaining their requirements to a software expert. These intermediate steps are expensive in terms of time, cost, and level of misunderstanding. If users can communicate intentions
ding difficulty in defining their combination products and facing various challenges from selecting a combination to marketing it.
Following aspects would a
Following aspects would a
directly to the computer they can receive quick feedback and be able to adapt their techniques in a quick and agile way in response to this feedback.
A modelling environment needs to be created by software developers in order to allow users/model builders/domain experts to create their own models. This modelling environment could be created using an open standard language such as XML (eXtensible Markup Language). As the high level translation though, this would depend on tools developed in order to assist
A modelling environment needs to be created by software developers in order to allow users/model builders/domain experts to create their own models. This modelling environment could be created using an open standard language such as XML (eXtensible Markup Language). As the high level translation though, this would depend on tools developed in order to assist
dd to the challenges in developing combination products:
Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod
Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod
he user, provide an interface and manage the user interface. These tools are written by developers using lower level languages, in order to enable modelling by end-user modellers. This is why tools such as Prot?g? and DecisionPro (now called Vanguard Studio) (Vanguard Software, 2007) have been created for modellers. For more general use Quint and Vatton (2004) and (2005) describe tools available for creating and editing XML documents including Amaya (2007). Until recently XML has been used to represent info
cts are meaningful and rational?
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin
mation but languages such as Java, C++, and Visual Basic have been used for the actual code. Semantic languages such as XML could be used in future for software development as well as information representation, as they provide a higher level declarative view of the problem.
References
Amaya, 2007. Welcome to Amaya - W3C's Editor/Browser - http://www.w3.org/Amaya/.
Bernstein, A. , Kaufmann, E., Kaiser, C., Kiefer, C., 2006. Ginseng: A Guided Input Natural Language Search Engine for Querying Ontolo
References
Amaya, 2007. Welcome to Amaya - W3C's Editor/Browser - http://www.w3.org/Amaya/.
Bernstein, A. , Kaufmann, E., Kaiser, C., Kiefer, C., 2006. Ginseng: A Guided Input Natural Language Search Engine for Querying Ontolo
tions increase the patient compliance?
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen
ies, In: Jena User Conference, Bristol, UK.
Crapo, A. W., Waisel, L. B., Wallace, W. A., Willemain, T. R., 2002. Visualization and Modelling for Intelligent Systems. In: C. T. Leondes, ed. Intelligent Systems: Technology and Applications, Volume I Implementation Techniques, 2002 pp 53-85.
Crapo, A. W., Waisel, L. B., Wallace, W. A., Willemain, T. R., 2000. Visualization and the process of modeling: a cognitive-theoretic view. In: Conference on Knowledge Discovery in Data - Proceedings of the sixth ACM SIG
Crapo, A. W., Waisel, L. B., Wallace, W. A., Willemain, T. R., 2002. Visualization and Modelling for Intelligent Systems. In: C. T. Leondes, ed. Intelligent Systems: Technology and Applications, Volume I Implementation Techniques, 2002 pp 53-85.
Crapo, A. W., Waisel, L. B., Wallace, W. A., Willemain, T. R., 2000. Visualization and the process of modeling: a cognitive-theoretic view. In: Conference on Knowledge Discovery in Data - Proceedings of the sixth ACM SIG
t?
As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel
As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel
KDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining pp 218-226.
Cypher, A., 1993. Watch What I Do Programming by Demonstration. MIT Press, Chapter 1 -http://www.acypher.com/wwid/Chapters/01Pygmalion.html ISBN:0262032139.
Dmitriev, S., 2007. Language Oriented Programming: The Next Programming Paradigm -http://www.onboard.jetbrains.com/is1/articles/04/10/lop/
Hale, P - http://protege.cim3.net/cgi-bin/wiki.
Cypher, A., 1993. Watch What I Do Programming by Demonstration. MIT Press, Chapter 1 -http://www.acypher.com/wwid/Chapters/01Pygmalion.html ISBN:0262032139.
Dmitriev, S., 2007. Language Oriented Programming: The Next Programming Paradigm -http://www.onboard.jetbrains.com/is1/articles/04/10/lop/
Hale, P - http://protege.cim3.net/cgi-bin/wiki.
ping new procedures for reviewing their safety, efficacy and quality.
Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust
Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust
l?UserDrivenProgramming.
Hudak, P., Hughes, J., Jones, S. P., Wadler, P., 2007. A History of Haskell: being lazy with class. In: The Third ACM SIGPLAN History of Programming Languages Conference (HOPL-III) San Diego, California, June 9-10, 2007.
Jena, 2007. Jena - A Semantic Web Framework for Java - http://jena.sourceforge.net/.
Quint, V., Vatton, I., 2004. Techniques for Authoring Complex XML Documents, In: DocEng 2004 - ACM Symposium on Document Engineering Milwaukee October 28-30 -http://wam.inria
Hudak, P., Hughes, J., Jones, S. P., Wadler, P., 2007. A History of Haskell: being lazy with class. In: The Third ACM SIGPLAN History of Programming Languages Conference (HOPL-III) San Diego, California, June 9-10, 2007.
Jena, 2007. Jena - A Semantic Web Framework for Java - http://jena.sourceforge.net/.
Quint, V., Vatton, I., 2004. Techniques for Authoring Complex XML Documents, In: DocEng 2004 - ACM Symposium on Document Engineering Milwaukee October 28-30 -http://wam.inria
y and representatives from various regulatory agencies are working out to design the regulatory requirements for manufacture and sale of combination products
pes.fr/publications/2004/DocEng2004VQIV.html.
Quint, V., Vatton, I., 2005. Towards Active Web Clients, In: DocEng 2005 - ACM Symposium on Document Engineering Bristol United Kingdom 2-4 November 2005 - http://wam.inrialpes.fr/publications/2004/DocEng2004VQIV.html.
Sampson, G., 2000, The role of taxonomy in language engineering. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. ISSN: 1364-503X Issue: Volume 358, Number 1769 / April 15, 2000 pp 1339 - 1355
Quint, V., Vatton, I., 2005. Towards Active Web Clients, In: DocEng 2005 - ACM Symposium on Document Engineering Bristol United Kingdom 2-4 November 2005 - http://wam.inrialpes.fr/publications/2004/DocEng2004VQIV.html.
Sampson, G., 2000, The role of taxonomy in language engineering. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. ISSN: 1364-503X Issue: Volume 358, Number 1769 / April 15, 2000 pp 1339 - 1355
.
As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de
As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de
Sasse, M. A., 1997. Eliciting and Describing Users’ Models of Computer Systems. Ph.D thesis, University of Birmingham -http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/a.sasse/thesis.
Scaffidi, C., Shaw, M., Myers, B., 2005. Estimating the Numbers of End Users and End User Programmers. In: IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing, (VL/HCC'05): 207-214 Dallas, Texas.
Shim, J.P., Warkentin, M., Courtney, J. F., Power, D J., 2002, Past, present, and future of decision support technology. Decision Suppor
elopment. They need to be wiser in analyzing the market trends and the regulatory requirements.
Companies that provide selfless information through particip
Companies that provide selfless information through particip
Systems 33 pp 111-126.
Smith, D. C., 1977. A Computer Program to Model and Stimulate Creative Thought. Basel: Birkhauser.
Smith, D. C., 1993. Pygmalion: An Executable Electronic Blackboard. In: A. Cypher, ed. Watch What I Do: Programming by Demonstration. MIT Press, Chapter 1 - http://www.acypher.com/wwid/Chapters/01Pygmalion.html - ISBN:0262032139.
Stanford University, 2007. Welcome to prot?g? - http://protege.stanford.edu/.
Vanguard Software, 2007. Global Knowledge Portal - http://wiki.vanguardsw.com
Smith, D. C., 1977. A Computer Program to Model and Stimulate Creative Thought. Basel: Birkhauser.
Smith, D. C., 1993. Pygmalion: An Executable Electronic Blackboard. In: A. Cypher, ed. Watch What I Do: Programming by Demonstration. MIT Press, Chapter 1 - http://www.acypher.com/wwid/Chapters/01Pygmalion.html - ISBN:0262032139.
Stanford University, 2007. Welcome to prot?g? - http://protege.stanford.edu/.
Vanguard Software, 2007. Global Knowledge Portal - http://wiki.vanguardsw.com
tion in industry events and feedback to regulatory authorities would be able to face the challenges and will be successful in developing combination products
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